How to get a dealer license in Georgia

This guide is for a person who wants a Georgia used motor vehicle dealer license, often called a used car dealer license. It was checked against official sources in November 2026. It is general information, not legal advice. Where those sources disagree on a dollar amount or a date, the guide says so. Confirm that figure with the Board before you rely on it.

The licensing agency is the State Board of Registration of Used Motor Vehicle Dealers and Used Motor Vehicle Parts Dealers, Used Motor Vehicle Division, at the Georgia Secretary of State. The Board's current contact page lists 3920 Arkwright Rd., Ste 195, Macon, Georgia 31210, and phone (404) 424-9966. Its older application packet and rules still print 237 Coliseum Drive. Check the current contact page before mailing documents.

Who needs a license

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-7(a) makes it unlawful to operate as a used motor vehicle dealer in Georgia without first registering and obtaining a license from the Board.

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-2(17)(A) defines a used motor vehicle dealer, or used car dealer, as a person who, for a commission or with intent to make a profit or gain, sells, exchanges, rents with an option to purchase, offers, or attempts to negotiate a sale or exchange of an interest in used motor vehicles, or who is engaged wholly or in part in the business of selling used motor vehicles, whether or not that person owns the vehicles. The same paragraph treats a wholesaler and a broker as a used motor vehicle dealer. The wholesale or retail guide explains that distinction. It also says the sale of five or more used motor vehicles in any one calendar year is prima facie evidence that a person is engaged in that business. That sentence is evidence. It is not a rule that five sales are allowed without a license. The Georgia Attorney General described it the same way in opinion 99-8.

The statute lists exemptions in § 43-47-2(17)(B). One of them is a person disposing of a motor vehicle acquired for that person's own use, acquired and used in good faith, and properly titled and registered in the transferor's name. Other exemptions are in the same subsection, including franchised motor vehicle dealers in the circumstances the statute states, certain court-appointed persons, public officers while performing official duties, financial institutions selling repossessed or leased vehicles, and insurance companies in the circumstances the statute describes. Read the whole subsection before you decide that it applies to you.

Georgia used car dealer license requirements

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8, in the text effective July 1, 2026, says an application must show that the applicant:

1. Maintains an established place of business.
2. Is a Georgia resident, or lists an agent for service of process who is a Georgia resident.
3. Within the preceding 12 months, attended a Board-approved training and information seminar that does not exceed one day, or passed a Board-approved exam. The seminar or exam covers licensee requirements, including books and records and Department of Revenue requirements.
4. Has applied for or obtained a certificate of registration for sales and use tax with the Department of Revenue.
5. Has posted, or made provision for, the required bond.
6. Maintains the required liability and property damage insurance.

The application is under oath. It includes the applicant's full name, date and place of birth, and the date and place of any conviction or arrest, including a plea of nolo contendere or first-offender treatment. It also includes photographs or other renderings of the established place of business that show the complete facility, the sign, and the entire display area.

The Board's how-to guide says a new applicant who has finished the requirements, including the pre-licensing seminar, applies by submitting the application. Its checklist includes a completed, signed, and notarized application with the fee, zoning certification, a surety bond with power of attorney, a certificate of insurance, photographs of the business, proof of seminar completion, a background check, documents about any Board sanctions or arrests if they apply, a preliminary inspection, a secure and verifiable document, an affidavit of citizenship, and immigration documents if they apply. The guide sends applicants to the GOALS license portal.

The Board's application packet revised April 2024 is still the packet posted on sos.ga.gov. Use the packet the Board is accepting now if a newer one has been posted. That April 2024 packet says:

• The Board reviews applications at least six times a year. Meeting dates are posted on the Board's site.
• Include a valid email address, and tell the Board if it changes.
• The name on the bond, the insurance certificate, and the sales tax registration must match the name on the application. The insurance location must match the application address.
• A corporation, LLC, or partnership names a designee. The packet says that person is the license holder, must be authorized on the form, must attend the pre-licensing seminar, and must have fingerprints processed. Sole proprietors answer the questions as the owner. Board Rules 681-12-.01 and 681-12-.02 cover corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
• Answer every question. Sign and notarize the application. The packet says a legible ink notary seal is required.
• Incomplete applications are withdrawn after 60 days. After that, the packet says you submit a new application, the fees, and the documents again.
• The packet says to allow 15 business days for processing after you submit, and to contact the Board if you have heard nothing after 15 days.
• The fee is the fee on the Board's current fee schedule. Rule 681-8-.01 says the schedule is available from the Board online, in person, or by writing to the Macon address, and that a copy is included with applications. This guide does not repeat dollar amounts from the April 2024 fee table, because that rule also says the Board can change fees. Use the schedule in the packet you file, and confirm it with the Board.

Pre-licensing education

Rule 681-11-.01 requires every applicant for a new used motor vehicle dealer license to attend a Board-approved seminar before licensure. The statute, in the July 1, 2026 text, also allows a Board-approved exam instead of a seminar attended within the preceding 12 months. The rule still speaks only of the seminar. Ask the Board whether an exam is offered before you skip the class.

Rule 681-11-.02 says an approved seminar's outline covers license requirements, the Board's statutes and rules, titles, tags, and taxes, sales tax reporting, other tax reporting, required paperwork and record keeping, and the Fair Business Practices Act, including advertising, unfair and deceptive sales practices, odometer requirements, and deceptive nondisclosure. Instruction in those areas is no less than four hours and no more than six hours. The seminar may not require attendees to buy products or services.

The April 2024 packet says you must attend a pre-licensing seminar and, at that time, names E-Learning, GIADA, the Automobile Dealer Training Association, and Ron Widener. It also says provider contact information is posted on sos.ga.gov. Treat that list as what the April 2024 packet printed. Use the provider list on the Board's current site, because approval can change. The pre-licensing seminar guide covers the hours, the topics, and how this class differs from renewal continuing education.

Keep the completion certificate. The application asks for proof of seminar attendance with the packet.

Georgia dealer license office requirements

The Board calls the required location an established place of business. Rule 681-6-.01 and O.C.G.A. § 43-47-2(3) both apply. The statute also sets size and other physical standards. Read § 43-47-2(3) and confirm the current standard with the Board. This guide does not restate a size number. The office and inspection guide is the checklist.

The building

Rule 681-6-.01 requires a permanent building where the records required by the rules are kept and from which sales are negotiated. The Board allows a modular or manufactured office building that is tied down and on blocks, with the wheels removed. Effective January 1, 2007, the Board does not allow storage buildings or similar movable structures that were built for something other than office use. A dealer already licensed in that kind of building may stay while the dealer stays at that location. A move, or a lapsed license, means the dealer has to meet the rule.

The statute's definition includes a salesroom or sales office in a building, or on an open lot of a retail used car dealership, or a place where a permanent business of bartering, trading, offering, displaying, selling, or buying is carried on, or the place where the books, records, and files are kept. The April 2024 packet quotes that definition and tells office-suite dealers to read it. The packet also says to think carefully about whether zoning for the location will meet the license requirements.

An office suite

Effective January 1, 2007, Rule 681-6-.01(e) allows a dealer to operate from an office suite in an office complex if the suite meets that rule and Rule 681-3-.05. The permanent sign must be at the nearest point of public access from the street to the building. Local ordinances and the lease control where a sign may go. At a minimum, the rule requires the sign at the entrance to the building, on a publicly displayed lobby marquee that lists the businesses in the building, and directly outside the dealer's office door.

Rule 681-3-.05, effective March 1, 2007, allows a new applicant to be at a location where other businesses operate only if the businesses are clearly separated. The dealer's office or salesroom entrance may not be shared with another business. The office is entered from outside the building, not from inside another business. The dealer keeps a separate office, separate inventory, and separate records and files. The address uses a separate suite number or office number. The telephone is listed in the dealer's name, the same name as the application and the advertisements, and is not shared. The sign meets local ordinances and the Board's requirements. The rule makes an exception for like-kind businesses with a common designee or owner, and it gives examples that include title pawn stores, used parts licensees, and auto rental businesses.

An open lot

A dealer who operates an open lot conducts business in a building on the same property as the display lot. A used car broker who will not display inventory still needs the established place of business, without the vehicle display area. Effective January 1, 2007, for new applicants, only one dealer may be licensed to operate an open lot on a plat of property as the county tax assessor defines that plat. After one dealer is licensed on that plat, no other dealer, including a broker, may be licensed on the same plat. A dealer whose license lapses has to meet this rule to reinstate.

Telephone and sign

The established place of business has a working landline telephone listed in the licensee's trade name. That name matches the application and the dealer's advertisements. The April 2024 checklist says the phone is a landline, not a cell phone and not VOIP.

The location has a permanent sign that meets Board rules and local ordinances. If no local ordinance exists, the Board's sign criteria apply. The sign lists the trade name used on the application and in advertisements. If the sign shows a phone number, it is the number on the application and in the advertisements.

Rule 681-6-.01(d) says free-standing signs are affixed to a metal base or frame with concrete footings. Signs on the building are affixed by metal bolts, or on a metal frame affixed by metal bolts. Signs are professionally designed on permanent material. The lettering is a minimum of six inches in height. At least one sign is positioned so consumers can see it from the street. A sign painted on the building, door, or window is allowed if it meets local ordinances or the Board's criteria for lettering size and visibility from the street.

A residence

Rule 681-6-.01(f) says that, effective January 1, 2007, a dealer may be permitted to operate from a residential address only when local ordinances allow it and the Board's rules are met. The office is a separate building, detached from the residence, readily accessible to the public and to inspectors during regular business hours. It has a dedicated phone line for the business telephone, and for computers and related equipment used only for the business. It has the furnishings and filing cabinets for the records required by O.C.G.A. §§ 43-47-2(3) and 43-47-12. The license, the Department of Revenue sales and use tax certificate, and the local business license are displayed in the office. The permanent-sign requirement still applies. Local zoning has to allow the use. This page does not say that a particular home, or a particular city, will allow it.

Photographs

Rule 681-3-.02 requires non-returnable photographs with the application, kept as a permanent part of the file. They must be large and clear enough to show the required information: the complete facility, the sign, and the entire display area. The April 2024 packet asks for photos of the inside, the outside, and the signage.

Zoning certification

The application packet includes a zoning certification. A zoning official signs and notarizes that the property is currently zoned for use as a used motor vehicle dealer or used motor vehicle parts dealer establishment, and that current zoning standards will allow a permanent sign that tells consumers a dealership is there. The form has a choice for a dealer who is not allowed to store inventory or display vehicles, and a choice for an open lot with a maximum number of vehicles the official fills in.

Rule 681-9-.02 requires the established place of business to comply with local zoning, and requires proof of that compliance with the license application and with later requests to change location. The Board approves a change of location. The local zoning authority decides what the zoning allows. The Board decides whether the proof meets the license rules.

Inspection

The April 2024 packet says a preliminary inspection is conducted for new applicants before the Board issues a license. It says not to submit the application until the proposed facility is ready for inspection. A failed inspection delays review until the deficiencies are satisfied. The how-to guide lists the preliminary inspection on the new-applicant checklist.

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-17 is the consent-to-inspection section. Read it for the inspection condition that comes with licensure. Do not treat a finished build-out as an issued license. The Board inspects, and the Board decides.

After a license is issued, Rule 681-9-.02 says the license for each location is displayed in a conspicuous place at that established place of business. The same rule says the dealer posts the Department of Revenue certificate of registration, Form ST-2, and keeps proof of the bond and the liability insurance certificate at the location for Board inspection. Rule 681-10-.01 requires specified records to be kept at the established place of business for three years, or longer if another law requires it, and to be available for inspection.

The surety bond

The statute and the Board's published rule do not state the same bond amount. Confirm the amount the Board will accept before you buy a bond.

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(d), in the text effective July 1, 2026, requires a bond for each license or supplemental license issued for an established place of business. The bond is executed with a surety company authorized to do business in Georgia. It is payable to the Governor for the use and benefit of any purchaser and that purchaser's vendees or successors in title. It covers losses, damages, and expenses from any misrepresentation, deceptive practice, or unfair practice, or from any breach of warranty, as to the used vehicle. The statute states the amount as $50,000 for used motor vehicle dealers and $10,000 for used parts dealers. The bond is filed with the division director before or immediately upon the granting of the license, and the division director approves the form and the solvency of the surety.

Justia's publication of that section records the history: Ga. L. 2026, p. 748, § 2-2/SB 293, effective July 1, 2026, substituted "$50,000.00 for used motor vehicle" for "$35,000.00 for used car" in paragraph (d)(1).

The same subsection says a licensee may not cancel a bond, or cause it to be canceled, unless the Board is informed in writing by a certified letter at least 30 days before the proposed cancellation. If a surety or the licensee cancels the bond and the licensee does not submit a new bond within ten days of the cancellation's effective date, the Board may revoke the license.

Rule 681-3-.01(2)(b) still says a complete application includes a bond of $35,000 for used motor vehicle dealers and $10,000 for used motor vehicle parts dealers, citing O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(h). It says that after the initial licensing period the bond runs with the licensing period, and that the licensee should not be without a bond during any licensing period. The April 2024 application and its bond form also state $35,000. That form says the bond expires on September 30 of an even-numbered year, is in the exact name of the business, is an original with the power of attorney attached, is signed, and is separate for each licensed location. The form's cancellation note still cites O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(i), which is the older subsection number. The July 1, 2026 text places the cancellation notice in § 43-47-8(d)(2).

Because the statute, the rule, and the April 2024 form do not match, ask the Board which amount and which form it will accept for an application filed now. Do not guess. The surety bond guide covers the form and how to order the bond.

Insurance

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(e) requires, for each license or supplemental license at an established place of business, public liability and property damage insurance with liability limits of not less than $50,000 per person and $100,000 per accident, and $25,000 property damage liability coverage. A person licensed under Chapter 6 of Title 43 is exempt from that subsection. The statute uses the phrase "personal insurance liability coverage" in the same sentence. Read the subsection itself rather than relying on a paraphrase.

Cancellation works like the bond. The licensee informs the Board by certified mail at least 30 days before a proposed cancellation. If the policy is canceled and a new policy is not submitted within ten days of the effective date, the Board may revoke the license.

Rule 681-3-.04 says the application includes proof of that insurance, with the limits set in the statute. Rule 681-3-.01 says the certificate of insurance includes the policy number, policy limits, expiration date, and the insured's name and address exactly as they appear on the application. The certificate holder is listed as "State Board of Registration of Used Motor Vehicle Dealers and Used Motor Vehicle Parts Dealers, 237 Coliseum Drive, Macon, Georgia 31217", and it identifies the division. The rule says garage liability insurance must be indicated for the appropriate policy limits for used motor vehicle dealers and for used parts dealers who offer rebuilt vehicles for sale.

The April 2024 packet asks for an original certificate of insurance on an Acord form. It says binders are not accepted, automobile liability only is not accepted, and garage liability coverage must be shown. It states the limits as a minimum of $50,000/$100,000/$25,000, or a single limit of $125,000. It says the location on the certificate is the exact name and address on the application, and the certificate holder is the State Board of Used Motor Vehicle Dealers, 237 Coliseum Drive, Macon, GA 31217. Confirm that the certificate you order matches what the Board accepts now, including whether a single limit is still accepted.

Background check

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(c) requires a full set of fingerprints so the Board can run a criminal background investigation. The Board submits the fingerprints to the Georgia Crime Information Center. If no state record is identified, GCIC may submit them to the FBI for a national check. GCIC notifies the Board in writing. The results are used only for the Board's licensing duties, are not a public record, are privileged, and are not disclosed to any other person or agency. The statute says the applicant is responsible for all fees associated with that background investigation. Rule 681-3-.01 requires fingerprints scanned at an approved GAPS print site for reporting by GCIC and NCIC.

The how-to guide and the April 2024 packet both say you need an application on file with the Board before you can be fingerprinted. They do not name the same registration site. The how-to guide says to pre-register at ga.state.identogo.com/ata, and that after staff confirm the application is on file you receive an email from GBI/GAPS to schedule the appointment. The April 2024 packet says to pre-register at fieldprintgeorgia.com, choose the Secretary of State tile and the Used Motor Vehicle Dealer License tile, and wait for the GBI/GAPS email before you report to the print site. Follow the instructions on the current how-to guide and the email you receive from GBI/GAPS. If the two pages still disagree when you apply, ask the Board which vendor to use.

The application asks whether the designee, or anyone with an ownership or financial interest, has been arrested, convicted, or sentenced for any felony or misdemeanor, including DUI or DWI, or has pled guilty or nolo contendere, or received first-offender treatment. If the answer is yes, the packet requires certified copies of the final court dispositions, and dates and places. It says failure to disclose prior arrests or convictions may lead to penalties up to denial of the application. The applicant affidavit says a false statement, or a felony conviction without restoration of civil rights, may lead the Board to suspend a registration, with a hearing after the suspension. Answer from the records. Do not leave an arrest off the form because you think it is old.

Sales tax registration

The statute requires proof that the applicant has applied for or obtained a certificate of registration for sales and use tax with the Department of Revenue. The 2026 amendment note on the published code says the words "Form ST-2" were removed from that application sentence. Rule 681-9-.02 still requires the dealer to acquire and maintain the Certificate of Registration, Department of Revenue Form ST-2, and to post it in a conspicuous place at the established place of business. It cites O.C.G.A. § 48-8-50 and § 43-47-8(f).

Rule 681-3-.01 says the proof shows that the applicant applied for a sales tax registration number in the exact same name as the dealer application. The April 2024 packet says to include the sales tax number or a copy of the sales tax application. It lists the Department of Revenue at (404) 417-4490. It also says that after the used motor vehicle dealer license is issued, the applicant contacts the Master Dealers Tag office at (404) 362-6500. Those phone numbers are what that packet prints. Confirm them before you call.

Renewal

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(g) says licenses issued under the chapter are renewable biennially, and that the Board may establish continuing education requirements for renewal.

The official pages do not agree on the calendar. Confirm the deadline for your license with the Board before you treat any date below as the one that controls.

• The GOALS licensing portal posted a notice for the 2026 cycle saying renewals opened on July 1, 2026, the license expired September 30, 2026, and the late renewal period runs from October 1 through November 15, 2026. The Board's website says every licensed used motor vehicle dealer must submit proof of continuing education and that the Board uses CE Broker to track completion; that notice does not apply to used motor vehicle parts dealers.
• Joint Secretary Rule 295-2-.08, effective for the 2026 renewal cycle, places used motor vehicle dealers' expiration on September 30 of even-numbered years and describes a late renewal period through October 31. The GOALS notice gives a later November 15 deadline for the 2026 cycle. Confirm which deadline applies to your file with the Board.
• The how-to guide says renewal is completed online and is required by September 30 of even-numbered years, with a late period of October 1 through October 31 of even-numbered years. The same guide also says to apply for renewal before March 31 of the year the license expires to avoid late fees. It says six hours of continuing education are required. It points renewal to the GOALS portal.
• The April 2024 packet says licenses are valid for two years and expire on September 30 of even-numbered years, that an initial license may be shorter depending on when it was issued, and that continuing education and the other renewal requirements have to be done by that September 30 date. Its fee table describes a late renewal window of October 1 through October 31, and it says a license not renewed by November 1 is administratively revoked and then needs reinstatement. Reinstatement, it says, is not guaranteed and is at the Board's discretion.
• Rule 681-8-.01 still says each Used Car Division license expires on March 31 of each even-numbered year, and that the renewal application is made before that March 31. It says a penalty fee may be required if renewal is sought within the two months after expiration. After that two-month period, it says reinstatement requires a new application, the supporting documents, and a penalty fee in addition to the new application fee.

The GOALS notice gives dates for this cycle, while the general rules and older packet describe other late periods. Use the date the Board confirms for your file.

Continuing education

Rule 681-13-.01 says a licensee attests on the renewal application to completing the required Division-approved continuing education within nine months before renewal, and attests that proof can be provided if the Division asks.

Rule 681-13-.02 says renewal is not granted unless the licensee submits satisfactory proof of at least six hours of Board-approved continuing education within nine months before renewal of a license in an even year. At least one hour must relate to processing tags and titles. The completion certificate is issued in the same name as the company employing the instructors.

Rule 681-13-.04 says a licensee who does not meet the continuing-education rule is subject to a six-month probation, a private reprimand, and a $100 penalty fee in order to renew. The Division may add other sanctions. If the requirement is still unmet at the end of the six months, the license may go to a hearing for revocation.

Rule 681-16 also lists a $500 fine for failure to provide proof that the licensee or designee completed the continuing education requirement. Read that chapter for the fine that applies to the violation, and do not assume the $100 penalty and the $500 fine are the same charge.

After the license

Rule 681-5-.02 says that if a licensee's location is vacated for 30 days without an application for a change of address, a hearing for revocation may be called. Rule 681-5-.03 says a change in ownership of the business requires a new application within 30 days, and that a change of registered agent for a corporation requires 30 days' written notice. A supplemental license is required for each additional established place of business that is not contiguous to a licensed location. O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8(f) says a supplemental license is not required for a temporary site. Temporary-site limits are in Rule 681-3-.03, including the 96-hour cap, the application at least 60 days ahead, a site located within one county of the county of the dealer's established place of business, and a limit of three temporary sites in a calendar year. Read that rule before you plan a sale away from the licensed location.

Questions people ask

How do I get a dealer license in Georgia?

File a complete application with the State Board of Registration of Used Motor Vehicle Dealers and Used Motor Vehicle Parts Dealers. O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8 requires an established place of business, a Board-approved seminar within the preceding 12 months or a Board-approved exam, a sales and use tax registration, the surety bond, liability insurance, and a fingerprint background check. The Board's how-to guide and the current application packet list the documents. The Board decides whether to issue the license.

What are the Georgia dealer license office requirements?

Board Rule 681-6-.01 requires a permanent building where the required records are kept and sales are negotiated, a working landline listed in the trade name, and a permanent sign in that same trade name. Sign lettering must be at least six inches high, and at least one sign must be visible from the street. An office suite is allowed when it also meets Rule 681-3-.05, including a separate outside entrance and a separate suite or office number. O.C.G.A. § 43-47-2 also sets size and other physical standards. Read that section and confirm the current standard with the Board.

What surety bond does a Georgia used car dealer need?

O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8, as amended effective July 1, 2026, states a bond of $50,000 for a used motor vehicle dealer, for each license or supplemental license. Board Rule 681-3-.01 and the Board's April 2024 application still state $35,000. Confirm the amount the Board will accept before you buy a bond.

Is a pre-licensing class required for a Georgia dealer license?

Board Rule 681-11-.01 requires a new applicant to attend a Board-approved seminar before licensure. The statute also allows a Board-approved exam in place of a seminar attended within the preceding 12 months. The seminar outline in Rule 681-11-.02 is at least four hours and no more than six hours. Confirm with the Board whether an exam is offered, and use the provider list on the Board's current site.

How do I renew a Georgia used motor vehicle dealer license?

Licenses are renewable every two years. The Board requires six hours of approved continuing education within nine months before an even-year renewal, including at least one hour on tags and titles. The GOALS licensing portal posted a September 30, 2026 expiration and a late renewal period through November 15, 2026 for this cycle. Joint Secretary Rule 295-2-.08 states a September 30 expiration and an October 31 late period in even years. Older Board materials give other dates. Confirm the deadline for your license with the Board.

Sources

• O.C.G.A. § 43-47-2, definitions, as published for the 2025 Code of Georgia.
• O.C.G.A. § 43-47-7, license requirement.
• O.C.G.A. § 43-47-8, application, bond, insurance, and renewal, effective July 1, 2026, including the SB 293 history note.
• O.C.G.A. § 43-47-17, consent to inspection.
• Georgia Attorney General opinion 99-8.
• Board home page, including the 2026 renewal notice.
• How-to guide: Used Motor Vehicle Dealers.
• Used Motor Vehicle Dealer application, revised April 2024.
• Chapter 681-3, licensing, photographs, insurance, and multiple businesses.
• Chapter 681-5, change of location and ownership.
• Chapter 681-6, established place of business.
• Chapter 681-8, fees and the expiration date stated in the rule.
• Chapter 681-9, zoning, the posted license, and the sales tax certificate.
• Chapter 681-10, records.
• Chapter 681-11, the pre-licensing seminar.
• Chapter 681-12, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
• Chapter 681-13, continuing education.
• Chapter 681-16, fines.
• Joint Secretary Rule 295-2-.08, expiration and general late renewal period effective for the 2026 cycle.
• GOALS licensing portal, the 2026 cycle renewal notice.

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